Using lsusb (or lsusb -v for USB descriptor information) is as simple as the command, so I only mention it for awareness.
Depending on the information that might be needed, lsusb and/or udevinfo can be used. Note however, under Ubuntu udevinfo is udevadm (and info can be passed as an argument). In my case I have attached a USB FLASH drive to the Ubuntu host. Running dmesg will print the kernel message buffer and at the end I should see that it connected. In my case it has attached as a SCSI drive [sdb] and the device node should have been created /dev/sdb. More information on drive naming in Linux can be found at:
http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Partition-Mass-Storage-Definitions-Naming-HOWTO/x99.html
Now we can use the path of the device node as input to udevadm info as follows (and output for my example):
$ udevadm info -q all -n /dev/sdb
P: /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1a.0/usb1/1-1/1-1.2/1-1.2.1/1-1.2.1.4/1-1.2.1.4.1/1-1.2.1.4.1:1.0/host10/target10:0:0/10:0:0:0/block/sdb
N: sdb
S: disk/by-id/usb-Lexar_USB_Flash_Drive_X5O6JNLCL623EFHRYD0A-0:0
S: disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1a.0-usb-0:1.2.1.4.1:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0
E: DEVLINKS=/dev/disk/by-id/usb-Lexar_USB_Flash_Drive_X5O6JNLCL623EFHRYD0A-0:0 /dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1a.0-usb-0:1.2.1.4.1:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0
E: DEVNAME=/dev/sdb
E: DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1a.0/usb1/1-1/1-1.2/1-1.2.1/1-1.2.1.4/1-1.2.1.4.1/1-1.2.1.4.1:1.0/host10/target10:0:0/10:0:0:0/block/sdb
E: DEVTYPE=disk
E: ID_BUS=usb
E: ID_INSTANCE=0:0
E: ID_MODEL=USB_Flash_Drive
E: ID_MODEL_ENC=USB\x20Flash\x20Drive\x20
E: ID_MODEL_ID=a788
E: ID_PART_TABLE_TYPE=dos
E: ID_PATH=pci-0000:00:1a.0-usb-0:1.2.1.4.1:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0
E: ID_PATH_TAG=pci-0000_00_1a_0-usb-0_1_2_1_4_1_1_0-scsi-0_0_0_0
E: ID_REVISION=1100
E: ID_SERIAL=Lexar_USB_Flash_Drive_X5O6JNLCL623EFHRYD0A-0:0
E: ID_SERIAL_SHORT=X5O6JNLCL623EFHRYD0A
E: ID_TYPE=disk
E: ID_USB_DRIVER=usb-storage
E: ID_USB_INTERFACES=:080650:
E: ID_USB_INTERFACE_NUM=00
E: ID_VENDOR=Lexar
E: ID_VENDOR_ENC=Lexar\x20\x20\x20
E: ID_VENDOR_ID=05dc
E: MAJOR=8
E: MINOR=16
E: SUBSYSTEM=block
E: UDEV_LOG=3
E: UDISKS_PARTITION_TABLE=1
E: UDISKS_PARTITION_TABLE_COUNT=1
E: UDISKS_PARTITION_TABLE_SCHEME=mbr
E: UDISKS_PRESENTATION_NOPOLICY=0
E: USEC_INITIALIZED=11740264586
E: DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1a.0/usb1/1-1/1-1.2/1-1.2.1/1-1.2.1.4/1-1.2.1.4.1/1-1.2.1.4.1:1.0/host10/target10:0:0/10:0:0:0/block/sdb
$ udevadm info -a -p /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1a.0/usb1/1-1/1-1.2/1-1.2.1/1-1.2.1.4/1-1.2.1.4.1/1-1.2.1.4.1:1.0/host10/target10:0:0/10:0:0:0/block/sdb
http://linux.die.net/man/8/udevadm